Synchronous point-of-care visualization and sensitive detection of amantadine by pattern-assisted...

The integration of electrochromic (EC) and photoelectrochemical (PEC) signals facilitates conventional self-calibrated, high-precision sensing platforms, but it falls short of rapid on-site detection. An advanced patterned EC-PEC sensor is proposed for the synchronous point-of-care visual determination and dual-mode sensitive detection of amantadine. The EC onset potential of Prussian blue (PB) is positive than that of MnO₂. Consequently, photogenerated electrons from rutile TiO₂ photoanode inject preferentially into the PB layer to initiate its EC coloration, thereby achieving inner MnO₂ pattern visualization. Then, this sensor is accessible for RGB-colorimetry and PEC detection in a linear range of 0.01-10 nM with a detection limit of 8.7 pM. It exhibits high selectivity, stability, and reproducibility, and is capable of sensitive detection in real chicken and beef samples. This work presents a strategy for qualitative naked-eye observation and quantitative detection, respectively, realizing rapid classification and sensitive determination of pharmaceutical residues in food of animal origin.