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Tool embodiment across the lifespan.

Amir Jahanian Najafabadi1, Alireza Rastegari1, Matthew R Longo2

  • 1Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.

Acta Psychologica
|February 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tool embodiment, particularly ownership, is strongest in adolescents and young adults. This sense of ownership is linked to better tactile perception and reaching distance estimation, especially when using tools in far space.

Keywords:
Body ownershipForearm tactile distance perceptionLife spanPerceived reaching distancePlasticitySense of agencyTool-use

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Human Factors Engineering

Background:

  • Tool use expertise is linked to tool embodiment.
  • Virtual tool ownership correlates with reduced forearm tactile distance perception.
  • Sense of agency over virtual tools is independent of perceptual estimation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate predictors of ownership and agency ratings for tools of varying sizes.
  • Examine the role of forearm tactile distance and reaching distance estimation (RDE).
  • Determine if embodiment varies across the lifespan (ages 12-80).

Main Methods:

  • Participants (12-80 years) used a tool-use paradigm in near and far space.
  • Tactile distance judgment (TDJ) task assessed forearm perception.
  • Post-task questionnaire collected subjective ownership and agency ratings.

Main Results:

  • Ownership ratings showed significant effects of age and training space.
  • Adolescents and young adults reported higher ownership, predicted by reduced tactile distance error in far space.
  • Perceived reaching distance error predicted higher ownership and agency ratings, particularly in adolescents and young adults in far space.

Conclusions:

  • Sensorimotor embodiment, especially tool ownership, is modulated by perceived reaching distance and tactile perception.
  • These effects are most pronounced in adolescents and young adults.
  • Age and training space interactively influence tool embodiment experiences.