Current Progress of 3D bioprinting in oral and craniomaxillofacial tissue regeneration: A systematic review

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a revolutionary technology in tissue engineering, particularly promising for oral tissues regeneration due to its capability to achieve precise spatial distribution and construct complex multiphase structures. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in the application of 3D bioprinting within the realm of oral tissue regeneration. The fundamental concepts of 3D bioprinting and its unique advantages in the context of oral tissue engineering are introduced at first. Subsequently, recent pivotal research findings and applications in the regeneration of periodontal tissues, dentin-pulp complex, craniomaxillofacial tissues, oral mucosa and salivary gland via utilizing 3D bioprinting techniques are summarized. At the end of this review, the clinical translational challenges, including bioprinting and tissue engineering technology bottlenecks as well as regulatory and ethical review deficiency are discussed. Potential strategy are offered thereafter. Overall, 3D bioprinting holds significant potential in oral regenerative medicine, and this review will provide significant cues for inspiring related innovative research, involving the investigation of underlying mechanisms, optimization of bioinks and printing parameters, which is conducive to propelling the clinical translation of this innovative technology.