Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

602
Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
602
Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Pharmacological Management01:29

Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Pharmacological Management

852
Upon diagnosis, managing Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) involves addressing several crucial aspects. The primary goals include resting the bowel, correcting malnutrition, and providing symptomatic relief. Resting the bowel may consist of medications to reduce inflammation and promote healing. Correcting malnutrition is essential, often requiring dietary adjustments and nutritional supplements. Symptomatic relief aims to ease pain, diarrhea, and other discomforts in IBD.
Pharmacologic...
852
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids

568
Glucocorticoids, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs, are pivotal in treating moderate to severe Crohn's disease by inducing remission. They exhibit their anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and chemokines like IL-8. In addition, they reduce the expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene transcription of nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2...
568
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF01:24

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

646
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab...
646
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy

960
Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Diagnostic studies
A colonoscopy is the definitive screening test, distinguishing ulcerative colitis from other colon diseases with similar symptoms. During a colonoscopy test, inflamed mucosa with exudate ulcerations can be observed, and biopsies are taken to determine the histologic characteristics of the...
960
Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

1.4K
Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic, systemic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that predominantly affects the gastrointestinal tract. It is marked by...
1.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Dopaminergic nigrostriatal vulnerability in Parkinson's Disease with diabetes: evidence from severity-matched cohorts.

European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging·2026
Same author

CGRP, VIP and PACAP plasmatic levels in migraine patients before and after anti-CGRP(R) monoclonal antibodies treatment.

Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache·2026
Same author

Correction: "Not That I've Become Exceptional, But I'm Able to Make Myself Understood Better": Impact of Speech and Language Therapy on Everyday Communication in People with Primary Progressive Aphasia and Their Carers.

Neurology and therapy·2026
Same author

Pain in Functional Motor Disorders: Clinical Correlates From the Italian Registry.

European journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Building bridges in migraine management: consensus pathways on best practices across primary and specialist care in Italy.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same author

Wearable Inertial Sensor Analysis of Turning Performance Reveals Motor Reserve Effects in Drug-Naïve Parkinson's Disease.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
06:35

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Published on: February 8, 2019

7.6K

Could galcanezumab modulate inflammatory cytokines? A single-centre exploratory study.

Giulia Ceccardi1, Renata Rao2,3, Francesca Schiano di Cola3

  • 1Neurology Unit, Ospedale Maggiore di Cremona, ASST-Cremona, 26100, Cremona, Italy. giulia.ceccardi@outlook.it.

Journal of Neurology
|February 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Episodic migraine patients show higher levels of certain cytokines compared to chronic migraine and healthy individuals. Galcanezumab treatment temporarily reduced these cytokine levels, suggesting CGRP influences migraine inflammation.

Keywords:
Anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodiesCytokinesInflammationMigraine

More Related Videos

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase G6PI-Induced RA Mice
08:43

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase G6PI-Induced RA Mice

Published on: January 31, 2020

7.4K
Author Spotlight: Investigating the Potential of Chinese Herbal Medicinal Active Dioscin in Treating IgA Nephropathy
14:18

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Potential of Chinese Herbal Medicinal Active Dioscin in Treating IgA Nephropathy

Published on: October 13, 2023

1.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 26, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
06:35

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Published on: February 8, 2019

7.6K
Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase G6PI-Induced RA Mice
08:43

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase G6PI-Induced RA Mice

Published on: January 31, 2020

7.4K
Author Spotlight: Investigating the Potential of Chinese Herbal Medicinal Active Dioscin in Treating IgA Nephropathy
14:18

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Potential of Chinese Herbal Medicinal Active Dioscin in Treating IgA Nephropathy

Published on: October 13, 2023

1.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Migraine is a disabling neurological disorder with complex pathophysiology.
  • Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is implicated, but alternative mechanisms like neuroinflammation involving cytokines are suggested.
  • Distinct cytokine profiles may differentiate migraine subtypes and influence treatment response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare plasma cytokine profiles in episodic migraine (EM), chronic migraine (CM), and healthy controls (HC).
  • To investigate the effect of galcanezumab on cytokine levels in EM patients.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective pilot study involving 17 EM, 18 CM patients, and 17 HC.
  • Plasma cytokine levels (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α) measured via multiplex immunoassay during the interictal phase.
  • EM patients receiving galcanezumab had samples collected at baseline, Cmax (5 days), and drug half-life (27 days).

Main Results:

  • EM patients exhibited elevated interictal levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 compared to CM and HC.
  • Galcanezumab treatment led to a significant decrease in IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α at Cmax, but not IL-6.
  • Cytokine levels showed a transient reduction during the first month of galcanezumab therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct cytokine profiles are associated with EM and CM.
  • Galcanezumab treatment transiently reduces both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
  • Findings support the role of CGRP in modulating inflammatory pathways in migraine pathophysiology.