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The interrelationships between developmental domains in 3- to 6-year-olds with fine and gross motor developmental

Annemarie Köppen1, Marco Franze2, Wolfgang Hoffmann1

  • 1Institute for Community Medicine, Section Epidemiology of Health Care and Community Health, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstr. 1-2, Greifswald, 17487, Germany.

BMC Pediatrics
|February 24, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Motor developmental delays are increasing in preschoolers. This study found motor risks are linked to other developmental domains like math and attention, suggesting holistic interventions are needed.

Area of Science:

  • Child Development
  • Pediatric Health
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Increasing prevalence of motor developmental delays in school-aged children.
  • Impact of motor skills on learning, academic performance, and healthy lifestyles.
  • Limited understanding of interrelationships between developmental domains in preschoolers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the associations between fine and gross motor developmental risks and other developmental domains in preschoolers.
  • To identify variables associated with motor developmental risks in early childhood.
  • To inform targeted interventions for children's development.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective dynamic cohort study using cross-sectional data from 2023 (n=7,542).
  • Utilized the standardized Dortmund Developmental Screening for Preschools-Revision (DESK 3-6 R) to identify developmental delays.
  • Employed Generalized Linear Mixed Models to determine associated variables for motor risks.

Main Results:

  • 16.8% of preschoolers exhibited fine motor risks; 12.2% exhibited gross motor risks.
  • Strong bidirectional association between fine and gross motor developmental risks.
  • Significant associations found between motor risks and other domains, including "Basic competencies in mathematics" (OR: 4.34) and "Attention and concentration" (OR: 3.77), as well as gender.

Conclusions:

  • Motor developmental risks are significantly associated with risks in other developmental domains and gender.
  • Interventions promoting motor skills should adopt a comprehensive approach, integrating other developmental areas.
  • Findings highlight the interconnectedness of developmental domains in early childhood.
Abstract

Keywords:
ChildCognitionDevelopmental riskDevelopmental screeningMotor skillsPreschool

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