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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Infertility in Males01:23

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Spermatogenesis01:41

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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

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The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
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Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Oogenesis01:22

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Oogenesis,  the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
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Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Methods for Studying Uterine Contributions to Pregnancy Establishment in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model
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Female infertility - risk factors.

Saira Furqan1, Sarah Saba Yasin1, Muhammad Saad1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.

JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association
|February 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Female infertility involves numerous factors, including age, medical conditions, and modifiable lifestyle choices like smoking and stress. Understanding and managing these elements is key for improving fertility outcomes.

Keywords:
Female infertility, Risk factors, Ovulatory disorders, Endometriosis, Lifestyle factors, Pelvic adhesions, Tubal blockage, Uterine abnormalities, Age-related decline, Nutrition and fertility.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Gynecology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Female infertility is a significant health issue with diverse causes.
  • Factors range from age-related decline and medical conditions to lifestyle choices.
  • Identifying and addressing these contributors is crucial for reproductive health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review significant contributors to female infertility.
  • To highlight the impact of age, medical conditions, and lifestyle on fertility.
  • To emphasize the need for early diagnosis and management.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a narrative review.
  • It synthesizes information on various causes of female infertility.
  • Key factors discussed include age, ovulatory dysfunction, endometriosis, uterine abnormalities, adhesions, and lifestyle.

Main Results:

  • Age and medical conditions significantly impact fertility.
  • Modifiable lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol, stress, etc.) play a vital role.
  • Awareness and timely intervention are essential for optimizing fertility.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive understanding of female infertility causes is necessary.
  • Public health initiatives should focus on education and lifestyle awareness.
  • Further research is needed to explore the complex interplay of factors affecting fertility.