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Colloidal Synthesis of Nanopatch Antennas for Applications in Plasmonics and Nanophotonics

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Published on: May 28, 2016

Photon Avalanching Nanoparticles.

Luan N Passini¹, Emory M Chan¹, Bruce E Cohen^1,2

¹The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.

Accounts of Chemical Research

|February 25, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Photon avalanching nanoparticles (ANPs) enable innovations in imaging and optical computing through extreme light nonlinearity. These nanoparticles achieve super-resolution imaging and novel sensing capabilities, opening new frontiers in photonics.

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Area of Science:

Photonics and Nanotechnology
Materials Science
Optical Physics

Background:

Photon avalanching (PA) was first observed in bulk crystals in 1979.
PA at the nanoscale was achieved 41 years later in photon avalanching nanoparticles (ANPs).
ANPs exhibit extreme nonlinearity, with emission scaling up to the 32nd power of pump intensity.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the novel optical and sensing properties of ANPs.
To demonstrate the potential of ANPs in super-resolution imaging and optical computing.
To investigate the application of ANPs in sensing external perturbations.

Main Methods:

Utilized Tm³⁺-doped upconverting nanoparticles for extreme nonlinearity and super-resolution imaging.
Employed scanning confocal microscopy to achieve 70 nm spatial resolution.
Investigated NIR-controlled bidirectional photoswitching and intrinsic optical bistability (IOB) in ANPs.
Assessed ANPs as force sensors across a wide dynamic range.

Main Results:

Achieved a 5-fold improvement over the Abbe limit, reaching 70 nm resolution.
Demonstrated over 1000 cycles of NIR-controlled bidirectional photoswitching with no photodegradation.
Developed the INPALM super-resolution technique with sub-Ångstrom localization precision.
Showcased Nd³⁺-based ANPs with intrinsic optical bistability for optical computing applications.
Tm³⁺ ANPs detected forces from piconewtons to micronewtons.

Conclusions:

ANPs offer significant advancements in optical imaging, nanoscale patterning, and optical computing.
The extreme nonlinearity of ANPs enables unprecedented sensing capabilities for external perturbations.
ANPs represent a novel platform for fundamental discoveries and technological innovation in photonics.