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Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Design and Fabrication of an Elastomeric Unit for Soft Modular Robots in Minimally Invasive Surgery
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Physiologically Adaptive Soft Millirobot for Atraumatic Endovascular Therapy.

Tuan-Anh Le1, Husnu H Alabay1, Prabh G Singh2

  • 1Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America.

Advanced Functional Materials
|February 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new millirobot, EndoBot, navigates blood vessels and delivers drugs without causing injury. This breakthrough in endovascular therapy offers a safer approach for treating vascular diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Interventional Medicine
  • Robotics

Background:

  • Localized drug delivery to the vascular endothelium is crucial for managing arterial and venous diseases.
  • Current methods face challenges in atraumatic navigation and effective drug deposition under blood flow.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce EndoBot, a soft, untethered millirobot for atraumatic endoluminal navigation and localized drug delivery.
  • To evaluate EndoBot's ability to interact with vasculature adaptively and deliver therapeutic agents safely.

Main Methods:

  • EndoBot utilizes mechanically adaptive surface crawling for locomotion in diverse vasculature.
  • Testing involved phantom vessels, ex vivo human umbilical veins, and an in vivo rat inferior vena cava model.
  • Wireless deployment/retrieval via vascular sheaths and magnetic manipulation under fluoroscopic guidance were employed.

Main Results:

  • EndoBot demonstrated stable, surface-conformal locomotion under physiological flow conditions without causing vessel injury.
  • Low radial contact pressures (<1 kPa) ensured atraumatic interaction with the endothelium.
  • Successful endoluminal painting strategy for flow-resistant drug depot transfer was achieved, confirmed by blood compatibility tests.

Conclusions:

  • EndoBot provides a translationally viable platform for localized endothelial drug delivery, preserving vessel integrity.
  • This technology paves the way for novel preventive and maintenance-oriented endovascular therapies.
  • EndoBot addresses a critical unmet need in interventional medicine for vascular disease management.