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What Race Am I?: Factors Associated with Racial Self-classification Among U.S. Latinx Adults.
Victor Figuereo1, Robert Rosales2, David T Takeuchi3
1School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Du Bois Review : Social Science Research on Race
|February 25, 2026
Summary
Immigrant and socioeconomic status significantly shape racial identity among U.S. Latinx adults. U.S.-born individuals and those with lower socioeconomic status are more likely to identify as Black or Another race.
Area of Science:
- Sociology
- Public Health
- Racial Studies
Background:
- Racial self-classification is complex for U.S. Latinx adults.
- Immigrant and socioeconomic status (SES) are key factors influencing identity.
Purpose of the Study:
- Examine how immigrant status and SES affect racial self-classification among U.S. Latinx adults.
- Analyze differences across Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Central/South American nationalities.
Main Methods:
- Utilized data from the 2010-2018 National Health Interview Survey (N = 41,133).
- Employed multinomial logistic regressions and average marginal effects.
- Measured SES using a composite index of income-to-poverty ratio, education, employment, and homeownership.
Main Results:
- U.S.-born Latinx adults, especially Puerto Ricans and Central/South Americans, showed a higher probability of identifying as Black compared to recent immigrants.
- Latinx adults with low and middle SES were more likely to identify as Black or Another race across most nationality groups.
- Significant heterogeneity observed in predictors of racial identity.
Conclusions:
- Latinx racial identity is multifaceted, influenced by acculturation and SES.
- Future research should include multidimensional race measures (e.g., skin color, street race).
- Findings inform interventions for race-related stress and anti-Blackness, and improve race data collection.
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