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Related Concept Videos

Electrodeposition01:08

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Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that can be deposited on an electrode immersed in the sample solution. The electrochemical setup consists of an anode and a cathode. When an electric current is applied to the setup, oxidation occurs at the anode. At the cathode, which consists of a large metal surface, metal ions undergo reduction and deposit onto the surface.
Electrodeposition can...
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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Maximizing Lithium Recovery in Direct Recycling: Relithiation of Layered Oxide Cathodes Using Residual Lithium.

Maura Appleberry1, Xiaolu Yu1,2, Varun Gupta1,2

  • 1Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.

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|February 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel hydrothermal relithiation method for lithium-ion battery recycling that utilizes residual lithium from cathode materials, eliminating the need for external lithium salts. This approach enhances sustainability and reduces direct recycling costs by approximately 20%.

Keywords:
NCM cathode materialsPVDF decompositiondirect recyclinghydrothermal relithiationlithium salt hydrolysis

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Direct recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for sustainability.
  • Hydrothermal relithiation is a promising LIB recycling technique but often requires excess lithium salt additives.
  • External lithium salts increase costs and environmental impact in battery recycling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a hydrothermal relithiation strategy that eliminates the need for external lithium salts.
  • To investigate the use of residual lithium compounds within cathode black mass to drive relithiation.
  • To assess the economic and environmental benefits of this salt-free recycling approach.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized spent LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2 (NCM 111) cathodes as a model system.
  • Employed an alkaline KOH solution for hydrothermal treatment to facilitate lithium reintegration.
  • Conducted mechanistic studies to understand the role of residual lithium compounds (Li2CO3, LiF, LiPF6) and performed structural and electrochemical characterizations.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated hydrothermal relithiation driven solely by residual lithium compounds in NCM 111 cathodes.
  • The KOH treatment restored lithium stoichiometry and crystallinity while removing impurities like carbon and binder.
  • The process was validated for other cathode materials: LiCoO2 (LCO), NCM622, and NCMA.

Conclusions:

  • A novel, salt-free hydrothermal relithiation method for LIB recycling has been established.
  • This approach significantly enhances the sustainability and economic viability of battery recycling, with an estimated 20% cost reduction.
  • The method offers a scalable and environmentally friendly pathway for recovering valuable materials from spent lithium-ion batteries.