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Updated: Feb 28, 2026
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3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
Published on: June 2, 2014
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Stimulating discussion: neuromodulation for migraine in pregnancy
Gregory A Panza1, Michele Godorecci2,3, Michael A L Johnson4
1Department of Research, Hartford Healthcare, Hartford, Connecticut.
Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology
|February 25, 2026
Summary
Noninvasive neuromodulation offers a safe, non-drug option for migraine during pregnancy. Despite its potential, limited research and clinician awareness hinder its use, necessitating more education and research for broader adoption.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Obstetrics
- Medical Technology
Background:
- Noninvasive neuromodulation is a safe and effective migraine treatment in the general population.
- It presents a nonpharmaceutical option for pregnant individuals, offering versatility as adjunctive or alternative therapy to medication.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review pivotal trials on neuromodulation for migraine in general and pregnant populations.
- To explore reasons for neuromodulation's underutilization among clinicians.
- To discuss the future of neuromodulation for migraine management during pregnancy.
Main Methods:
- Review of current pivotal trials on neuromodulation for migraine.
- Analysis of factors contributing to limited evidence and underutilization in pregnancy.
- Discussion of potential future research and clinical integration.
Main Results:
- Evidence for neuromodulation in pregnancy migraine is limited due to trial exclusions and lack of epidemiological data.
- Underutilization is linked to limited clinician knowledge, awareness, and access.
- Improved evidence requires advocacy, funding, and patient awareness.
Conclusions:
- Neuromodulation is a potentially clinically significant nonpharmacologic option for pregnancy migraine.
- It offers precision therapy and potential for treating other pregnancy conditions.
- Increased research, clinician education, and multidisciplinary care are crucial for wider adoption.
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