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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects01:29

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Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

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One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
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Disparities in Predicted and Parent-Reported Need for Pediatric Subspecialty Care.

Kristin N Ray1, Sam Wittman1, Ellen A Lipstein2

  • 1Department of Pediatrics (KN Ray, S Wittman, and ME Vajravelu), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Academic Pediatrics
|February 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Predicted need for subspecialty care, based on clinical factors, differs from parent reports, especially in underserved populations. This suggests predicted need may better estimate true healthcare requirements.

Keywords:
disparitiesneedreferralsubspecialistsubspecialty

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Health Services Research
  • Health Disparities
  • Healthcare Access

Background:

  • Parental perception of subspecialty care needs can be influenced by factors like primary care access and health literacy.
  • Objective clinical data offers an alternative perspective on healthcare requirements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model the predicted need for subspecialty care using objective clinical factors.
  • To compare predicted need with parent-reported need and actual receipt of care across sociodemographic groups.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the 2022-23 National Survey of Children's Health.
  • Developed a model to predict subspecialty care need based on child's age, health status, and condition severity.
  • Compared predicted need, parent-reported need, and care receipt across family poverty levels, race, payer, and language.

Main Results:

  • Predicted need was highest for children in families with the lowest income (<100% federal poverty level).
  • Parent-reported need was lowest for families with the lowest income and highest for those with the highest income.
  • Discrepancies in predicted versus reported need were observed across various sociodemographic factors, including race, payer, and family language.

Conclusions:

  • Significant gaps exist between predicted and parent-reported subspecialty care needs, particularly for underserved populations.
  • Predicted need may offer a more objective measure of underlying population requirements for subspecialty care.
  • Addressing disparities in healthcare access is crucial for aligning reported needs with actual health requirements.