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Modernizing Forensic Anthropology: A Data-driven Pipeline for Human Identification and Profiling.

Samiya Riaz^1,2, Kawthar M A Bukhari^3,4, Sanjida Haque⁵

¹Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia.

European Journal of Dentistry

|February 25, 2026

Summary

Forensic odontology now uses advanced imaging, geometric morphometrics, and artificial intelligence for human identification. These technologies improve data analysis, enabling more accurate sex prediction and streamlined identification workflows.

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Area of Science:

Forensic Science
Anthropology
Computer Science

Background:

Traditional forensic odontology relies on dental morphology and measurements.
Recent innovations include 2D/3D imaging, geometric morphometrics analysis (GMA), and artificial intelligence (AI).

Purpose of the Study:

To review advancements in forensic odontology using new technologies.
To assess the impact of imaging, GMA, and AI on human identification and profiling.
To discuss the practical benefits, limitations, and future directions of these techniques.

Main Methods:

Literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2010-2025).
Keywords: forensic odontology, CBCT, GMA, AI segmentation, human identification.
Narrative review consolidating evidence on data acquisition, analysis, and AI applications.

Main Results:

2D and 3D imaging enhance dental data acquisition and comparability.
GMA quantifies dental sexual dimorphism for machine learning (ML) classifiers.
AI-driven segmentation facilitates dental model creation and identification.

Conclusions:

Advanced imaging, GMA, and AI significantly enhance forensic odontology capabilities.
These technologies offer improved accuracy in sex prediction and identification.
Further validation is required for widespread adoption in forensic applications.