The Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Prosocial Behavior toward Others in Negative State

Prosocial behaviors, voluntary actions benefiting others, are essential for social bonds and group survival across species from insects to primates. This review examines the neurobiological foundations of prosocial behavior, with an emphasis on the role of the cingulate cortex (particularly the anterior cingulate cortex), in mediating prosocial and helping actions toward others in distress. We summarize recent studies across species and discuss how different parts of the cingulate cortex process information about others' behavioral states, encode empathetic responses, and regulate prosocial actions. Critical gaps remain in establishing causal links between perceiving others' needs, experiencing empathetic responses, and executing helping behaviors. Addressing these challenges requires novel experimental designs capable of independently manipulating these interrelated processes.