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Related Concept Videos

Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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What is Population Genetics?01:25

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A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, they pass down their genes to their offspring. Many of these genes are polymorphic, meaning that they occur in multiple variants. Such variations of a gene are referred to as alleles. The collective set of all the alleles within a population is known as the gene pool.
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Rethinking immune studies: population-level immune variations and the path forward.

Micah R Hysong1, Aylin Memili1, Joseph A Delaney2

  • 1Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States.

The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
|February 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune cell changes vary with age, sex, and socioeconomic status, not race. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) impacts immune composition, with higher CMV antibody levels seen in women and lower socioeconomic groups.

Keywords:
AssociationsDemographicsImmune cell subtypesMeta-analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Human Biology
  • Biomarkers

Background:

  • Immune cell shifts are crucial for disease progression and immunotherapy response.
  • Natural variations in immune cell proportions across lifespan and demographics (age, sex) can complicate clinical utility.
  • Previous studies on demographic associations with immune cells yielded mixed results due to small sample sizes and population-specific differences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a meta-analysis evaluating associations between immune cell subtypes, cell ratios, and sociodemographic variables.
  • To address limitations of previous studies by using large, diverse cohorts.

Main Methods:

  • Meta-analysis of three large, diverse cohort studies.
  • Evaluation of associations between 20 immune cell subtypes, 3 cell ratios, and sociodemographic factors (age, sex, self-identified race and ethnicity (SIRE), socioeconomic status).

Main Results:

  • Consistent and significant associations found across all sociodemographic dimensions.
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) significantly influenced immune composition; higher CMV antibody levels were observed in women, individuals with lower socioeconomic status, and marginalized racial/ethnic groups.
  • Male sex showed immune profile associations similar to aging, while race did not demonstrate a similar pattern.

Conclusions:

  • Sociodemographic factors significantly influence immune cell composition.
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major driver of immune variation, with distinct associations across demographic groups.
  • Accounting for diverse sociodemographic factors is essential in immunology research to avoid biases and ensure generalizable findings.