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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

19.6K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems
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Mistranslation suppresses mistranscription in eukaryotes.

Xiaoyi Zhang1, Gongwang Yu2, Ziyan Guo3

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.

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|February 25, 2026
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Genes with frequent mistranslations show fewer mistranscriptions, suggesting a negative interaction between these two error types. This interaction influences evolutionary selection against mistranscription.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Phenotypic mutations arise from non-heritable sequence changes like mistranscription and mistranslation.
  • The interplay between mistranscription and mistranslation is not well understood despite their potential impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between mistranscription and mistranslation rates across the genome.
  • To explore the underlying mechanisms, such as epistasis, that may govern this interaction.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide analysis using Circ-Seq and mass spectrometry in five model organisms.
  • Systematic experimental measurements to confirm epistasis.
  • In silico evolutionary simulations.
  • Empirical genomic analyses of gene expression and error purging.

Main Results:

  • Genes with high mistranslation rates exhibit lower mistranscription rates.
  • Negative epistasis between mistranscription and mistranslation was experimentally confirmed.
  • Evolutionary simulations indicated selection against mistranscription in highly mistranslated genes due to epistasis.
  • Genes with high mistranslation efficiently purge nonsynonymous mistranscriptions, and highly translated transcripts have fewer mistranscriptions.

Conclusions:

  • An unrecognized negative interaction exists between mistranscription and mistranslation.
  • This interaction impacts evolutionary dynamics and gene expression regulation.
  • The findings highlight a novel layer of molecular error management within cells.