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Modeling progressive failure in steep rock slopes using the combined finite-discrete element method.

Jian Xu1, Zhaopeng Deng2,3, Yelin Feng1

  • 1Power China Kunming Survey, Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd, Kunming, 650051, China.

Scientific Reports
|February 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces an integrated finite-discrete element method (FDEM-GIM) to accurately simulate progressive failure in steep rock slopes. The new method enhances safety assessments for complex geological environments.

Keywords:
Combined finite-discrete element method (FDEM)Gravity increase method (GIM)Progressive failure processSlope stabilitySteep rock slopes

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Area of Science:

  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Rock Mechanics
  • Computational Geology

Background:

  • Steep rock slopes face failure risks due to complex geological and environmental factors.
  • Conventional methods like LEM, FEM, and DEM struggle to model progressive failure from continuous to discontinuous states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an integrated finite-discrete element method combined with the gravity increase method (FDEM-GIM).
  • To automatically identify critical failure surfaces and simulate the full progressive failure process for steep rock slopes.

Main Methods:

  • The study employs the integrated finite-discrete element method combined with the gravity increase method (FDEM-GIM).
  • Simulations were conducted for a case study in the upper Lancang River region.

Main Results:

  • FDEM-GIM successfully simulated progressive failure, including cracking, crack propagation, and deformation.
  • The method identified critical failure surfaces and calculated the factor of safety (FoS).
  • FDEM-GIM captured the spatial and temporal evolution of damage and movement, unlike conventional methods.

Conclusions:

  • The FDEM-GIM framework is effective for long-term stability assessment of steep rock slopes in complex geological settings.
  • This approach supports reinforcement design and safety management for vulnerable slopes.