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Related Concept Videos

Half wave rectifier01:20

Half wave rectifier

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A half-wave rectifier is a fundamental circuit in electronics, designed to convert alternating current (AC) voltage into a unidirectional voltage. It utilizes the simplest form of diode rectification, where the circuit comprises a single diode in series with a load resistor and an AC power source.
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Full wave rectifier01:22

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A full-wave rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) and is more efficient than its half-wave counterpart. It typically includes a center-tapped transformer, two diodes, and a load resistor. The secondary winding of the transformer is divided to provide two equal voltages of opposite polarities, which is the pivotal element of full-wave rectification.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Preparation of Janus Particles and Alternating Current Electrokinetic Measurements with a Rapidly Fabricated Indium Tin Oxide Electrode Array
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An ångström-scale Janus aperture as a gas flow rectifier.

Hongwei Duan1,2, Jing Yang1, Nianjie Liang3,4

  • 1National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China.

Nature Materials
|February 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed an ångström-sized Janus aperture in graphene to rectify gas flow. This breakthrough enables directional mass transport for various gases, with significant potential for the water-energy-environment nexus.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Directional mass transport in confined spaces is vital for biological processes and the water-energy-environment nexus.
  • While ionic diodes are understood at the atomic scale, rectifying neutral molecular flow remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gas transport and rectification through an ångström-sized Janus aperture in graphene.
  • To explore the potential of asymmetric functionalization for controlling molecular flow.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a Janus aperture in graphene using feedback-controlled ozone etching.
  • Experimental measurement of permeation coefficients for ten different gases.
  • High-throughput density functional theory (DFT) calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations.

Main Results:

  • Consistent rectified flow observed for seven gases (e.g., Kr, Xe, H2, O2, N2, CO2, N2O), with rectification ratios up to 100 for oxygen.
  • Energy barrier-controlled transport mechanism identified, with direction-dependent energy barriers confirmed by DFT.
  • Molecular polarizability identified as a key factor influencing rectified gas flow.

Conclusions:

  • Ångström-sized Janus apertures in graphene can effectively rectify neutral molecular gas flow.
  • The asymmetric functionalization of the aperture is crucial for achieving directional transport.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the role of dipole and higher-order moments in rectification.