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Real-time resolution of VP ellipsis ambiguity and processing depth.

Hiroki Fujita1, Masaya Yoshida2,3

  • 1Department of Linguistics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany. hiroki.fujita@uni-potsdam.de.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|February 25, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored two interpretations of VP ellipsis sentences, finding that processing depth influences whether people prefer strict or sloppy meanings. Comprehension accuracy also affects interpretation preference in sentence processing.

Keywords:
Ambiguity resolutionEllipsisProcessing depthSentence processing

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Computational Linguistics
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • VP ellipsis sentences present ambiguity, allowing for strict or sloppy interpretations.
  • Previous research on real-time processing preferences for these interpretations yielded mixed results.
  • Potential factors influencing these mixed findings include statistical power, materials, and processing depth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causes of inconclusive findings in VP ellipsis interpretation.
  • To examine the role of statistical power, experimental materials, and processing depth.
  • To assess the impact of form mismatches on ambiguity resolution.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted three reading experiments with a large sample size (360 participants).
  • Experiment 1: Large-scale replication to check for statistical power issues.
  • Experiment 2: Used revised materials to address potential limitations.
  • Experiment 3: Incorporated comprehension questions to gauge processing depth.

Main Results:

  • Experiment 1 showed no clear interpretation preference.
  • Experiment 2 revealed a preference for the strict interpretation with revised materials.
  • Experiment 3 indicated that accurate comprehension correlated with strict interpretation preference, while errors favored the sloppy interpretation.
  • Form mismatches did not significantly affect interpretation preferences across experiments.

Conclusions:

  • Processing depth significantly influences the preference for strict versus sloppy interpretations in VP ellipsis.
  • Comprehension accuracy is a key factor in resolving VP ellipsis ambiguities.
  • Proposed an account for real-time VP ellipsis resolution mechanisms.