A comprehensive review on recent advances in nanomaterial facilitated phytoremediation

A sustainable and eco-friendly method for eliminating contaminants from soil and water is called phytoremediation, and it involves using plants. The low bioavailability of contaminants, restricted rates of degradation, and decreased plant tolerance under high pollution stress, however, frequently limit its use. The use of nanomaterials to improve phytoremediation efficiency has become possible thanks to recent developments in nanotechnology. With a focus on the role of different nanomaterials such as metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene-based materials, and nano-bio composites in the remediation of heavy metals, organic pollutants, pesticides, dyes, and microplastics, this review offers a thorough summary of the latest developments in nanomaterial-facilitated phytoremediation. In addition to making pollutants more mobile and soluble, which increases their bioavailability to plants, nanomaterials also improve plant growth, metabolism, and stress tolerance. Additionally, they serve as catalysts to help the plant system's detoxification processes and speed up the breakdown of complicated pollutants. Studies conducted in labs and greenhouses have demonstrated encouraging outcomes when nanomaterials are combined with phytoremediation. Concerns about the long-term stability, bioaccumulation, and environmental toxicity of engineered nanomaterials, however, continue to be major obstacles. This review also emphasizes the significance of field-based validation for real-world applications, green nanomaterial synthesis, and risk assessment. Future studies must concentrate on creating safe, affordable, and sustainable nanomaterials as well as comprehending the molecular interactions between plants, nanomaterials, and pollutants.