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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure VII: Nursing Interventions01:30

Heart Failure VII: Nursing Interventions

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The first step in nursing management of a patient with heart failure involves thoroughly assessing the patient's medical history.Subjective Data: Obtain the patient's medical history of coronary artery disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and symptoms like dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.Objective Data: Conduct a physical examination to identify findings such as jugular vein distention, pulmonary crackles, tachycardia, murmurs, peripheral edema, and vital signs,...
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Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

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Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
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Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

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Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Evaluation of Capillary and Other Vessel Contribution to Macular Perfusion Density Measured with Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
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Evaluation of Capillary and Other Vessel Contribution to Macular Perfusion Density Measured with Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

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Patients at Elevated Risk for Heart Failure Exhibit Reduced Retinal Perfusion.

Clayton E Lyons1, Anna M Busza1, Emily Suen1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.

Journal of Vitreoretinal Diseases
|February 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) may help identify individuals at high risk for heart failure by detecting reduced vessel length density in the retina. This noninvasive tool could aid in early cardiovascular disease screening.

Keywords:
handheld imaging devicesimagingoptical coherence tomography angiographyretinascreening devices

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Retinal Vascular Reactivity as Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
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Retinal Vascular Reactivity as Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
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Retinal Vascular Reactivity as Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Cardiology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Heart failure is a significant public health concern.
  • Early identification of individuals at elevated risk is crucial for timely intervention.
  • Retinal microvasculature changes may reflect systemic cardiovascular health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if retinal microvascular alterations detected via optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) can identify individuals at increased risk for heart failure.
  • To assess the potential of OCTA as a noninvasive screening tool for cardiovascular disease risk.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective cohort study including patients with >5% 10-year risk of heart failure and age-matched healthy controls.
  • Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to image retinal microvasculature.
  • Vessel density and vessel length density in superficial and deep capillary plexuses were quantified using FIJI software.

Main Results:

  • Individuals at elevated risk for heart failure exhibited a significant reduction in deep capillary plexus vessel length density compared to controls (adjusted P = .038).
  • No significant differences were observed in other measured OCTA parameters.

Conclusions:

  • Reduced vessel length density in the deep capillary plexus may serve as a potential biomarker for elevated heart failure risk.
  • OCTA shows promise as a noninvasive method for screening individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease.