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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

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Geographic access to radiotherapy facilities in Japan.

Yuhei Koike^1,2, Satoaki Nakamura^1,2, Hodaka Numasaki³

¹Department of Radiology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan.

Journal of Radiation Research

|February 26, 2026

Summary

Advanced radiotherapy (RT) like intensity-modulated RT and brachytherapy increases travel times, creating significant geographic access barriers for patients in Japan. This disproportionately affects rural and island populations, highlighting inequities in advanced cancer care delivery.

Keywords:

IMRT brachytherapy geographic access radiotherapy travel time

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Area of Science:

Medical Physics
Radiotherapy
Health Services Research

Background:

Daily radiotherapy (RT) attendance necessitates good geographic accessibility for treatment adherence.
Advanced RT modalities (IMRT, brachytherapy) are concentrated in urban areas, but patient travel burden is not well quantified nationwide.

Purpose of the Study:

To conduct the first nationwide, modality-stratified assessment of geographic access to RT in Japan.
To quantify the patient travel burden associated with different RT modalities.
To identify areas with poor access to advanced RT services.

Main Methods:

Utilized Open Source Routing Machine and high-resolution 1-km mesh centroid data for 176,964 locations.
Calculated driving times to nearest external-beam RT (EBRT), IMRT, and brachytherapy facilities.
Generated high-resolution 'penalty maps' to assess incremental travel time for advanced modalities.

Main Results:

Median travel times: EBRT 6.48 min, IMRT 8.26 min, brachytherapy 14.06 min.
Population facing poor access (≥120 min): 0.24% for EBRT, 0.48% for brachytherapy.
Identified 'newly poor-access' areas in mountainous and island regions for advanced RT.

Conclusions:

Modality requirements create significant geographic inequities in RT access, despite strong national EBRT infrastructure.
Advanced RT access challenges disproportionately impact specific regions and populations.
Findings support evidence-based spatial resource optimization to reduce travel burdens for aging and mobility-limited patients.