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Related Concept Videos

Voltaic/Galvanic Cells02:47

Voltaic/Galvanic Cells

Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
Spontaneous redox reactions occur abundantly in nature. The chemical reaction occurring in a disposable AA battery powering our remote controls is one such example of a spontaneous redox reaction. Another example is the immersion of coiled copper wire into an aqueous silver nitrate solution. The reaction shows a gradual, visually impressive color change from colorless to bright blue and the formation of a grey precipitate on the copper wire. In this experiment,...
Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
Photoluminescence: Applications01:14

Photoluminescence: Applications

Photoluminescence offers a wide range of applications due to its inherent sensitivity and selectivity. This technique allows for both direct and indirect analyses of the analyte. Direct quantitative analysis is possible when the analyte exhibits a favorable quantum yield for fluorescence or phosphorescence. However, an indirect analysis may be feasible if the analyte is not fluorescent or phosphorescent, or if the quantum yield is unfavorable. Indirect methods include reacting the analyte with...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
The ions and electrons produced interact with the fluctuating magnetic field created by a water-cooled...
Electrochemical Cells01:28

Electrochemical Cells

Electrochemical cells are systems that convert chemical energy into electrical energy or use electrical energy to drive chemical reactions. They consist of two electrodes in contact with an electrolyte, where redox reactions enable electron transfer. Most electrochemical cells include two half-cells connected by an external wire for electron flow and a salt bridge for ion flow. The salt bridge contains an electrolyte solution and maintains charge neutrality by allowing ions—not electrons—to...
Concentration Cells01:29

Concentration Cells

A concentration cell is an electrochemical cell in which the emf arises from a difference in concentration of a species between two half-cells. Unlike galvanic cells, where electrical energy comes from a chemical reaction, the driving force here is the transfer of matter from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration. The overall process is therefore physical in nature. A classic illustration is a cell made of two chlorine electrodes operating at different chlorine gas...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light
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Accelerated Turn-On and High Performance in Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells Using Highly Charged Iridium

Austen C Adams1, William Blake Heston2, Sydney Prescott2

  • 1Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, Texas 75080, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|February 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed faster light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) using novel triply cationic iridium complexes. Blending these with singly cationic complexes significantly improved response times while maintaining performance for efficient electroluminescent devices.

Keywords:
LECsblue OLEDelectroluminescencehost−guestlight-emitting diodes

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Photophysics

Background:

  • Ionic transition metal complexes (iTMC) offer simple, solution-processed architectures for efficient electroluminescent devices.
  • A key limitation in iridium-based iTMC LECs is slow response times due to low ionic conductivity of singly cationic complexes.
  • Improving charge transport and device kinetics is crucial for practical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel triply cationic iridium complexes ([Ir]3+) for enhanced ionic conductivity in LECs.
  • To investigate the impact of these [Ir]3+ complexes on the electroluminescence properties and response times of LECs.
  • To explore strategies for optimizing LEC performance by combining singly and triply cationic iridium complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of triply cationic iridium complexes with alkylated bipyridine ligands (EPP, PPP) and varied ancillary ligands (bpy, meoxy).
  • Fabrication of single-layer LEC devices using pristine films and blended films of cationic iridium complexes.
  • Electroluminescence measurements, including turn-on time, luminance, and stability analysis.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized [Ir]3+ complexes exhibited higher ionic conductivity and wider-bandgap emission compared to conventional [Ir]+ complexes.
  • Pristine [Ir]3+ LECs showed 100-1000-fold faster electroluminescence but lower luminance and stability.
  • Blending [Ir]+ and [Ir]3+ complexes, particularly a 10% EPP bpy [Ir]3+ device, achieved rapid turn-on (4 s) while retaining luminance and stability.

Conclusions:

  • Triply cationic iridium complexes offer a viable strategy to enhance the DC response of iTMC LECs.
  • Combining singly and triply cationic complexes allows for a synergistic improvement in LEC performance, balancing speed and stability.
  • Further development of ionically conductive iridium emitters holds promise for advanced electroluminescent devices.