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ADAR-mediated tolerance and SOS splicing-mediated excision of transposable elements.

Qi Cao1, Yuange Duan2

  • 1International Cancer Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.

Transcription
|February 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new RNA defense system, SOS splicing, excises DNA transposons from mRNA, repairing gene sequences. This complements ADAR editing, which tolerates transposons by suppressing immune responses, revealing an evolutionary balance.

Keywords:
A-to-I RNA editingADARSOS splicingTEmRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) pose risks to genomic integrity.
  • Existing silencing mechanisms for TEs are limited.
  • The discovery of the SOS splicing system offers a new perspective on TE defense.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the SOS splicing system as an RNA-level defense against DNA transposons.
  • To compare the roles of SOS splicing and ADAR-mediated RNA editing in managing TEs.
  • To understand the evolutionary implications of these mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Identification and characterization of the SOS splicing pathway.
  • Analysis of the interaction between SOS splicing and ADAR editing.
  • Evolutionary analysis of TE tolerance and transcriptomic rescue.

Main Results:

  • SOS splicing, mediated by AKAP17A, CAAP1, and RTCB, excises DNA transposons from mRNAs.
  • This spliceosome-independent pathway restores gene sequences by recognizing and religating dsRNA hairpins.
  • ADAR editing tolerates TEs by suppressing immune responses, while SOS splicing actively repairs damage.

Conclusions:

  • SOS splicing represents a post-transcriptional error-correction mechanism against TE insertions.
  • ADAR and SOS splicing highlight an evolutionary balance between TE tolerance and transcriptomic repair.
  • The lethality of ADAR loss suggests its crucial role in mitigating purifying selection on TEs.