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Flapping Foil-Based Propulsion and Power Generation: A Comprehensive Review.

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Flapping foil technology unifies bio-inspired propulsion and flow energy harvesting by analyzing shared unsteady vortex dynamics. Passive flexibility aids thrust but can hinder power generation due to synchronization issues.

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bio-inspired propulsiondeep reinforcement learningdensity stratificationflapping foilflow energy harvestingpower generationunsteady aerodynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Bio-inspired Engineering
  • Energy Harvesting

Background:

  • Propulsion and power generation using flapping foils are often studied separately, despite shared unsteady vortex dynamics.
  • A unified unsteady-aerodynamic perspective is needed to understand the duality of these applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize the state of the art in flapping foil technology.
  • To establish a common framework for propulsion and energy extraction regimes.
  • To analyze the impact of environmental factors and computational methods.

Main Methods:

  • Adopting a unified unsteady-aerodynamic perspective.
  • Analyzing experimental foundations and passive structural flexibility.
  • Investigating the effects of density stratification and resonant frequencies.
  • Surveying computational methodologies including 3D Large-Eddy Simulations (LESs) and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL).

Main Results:

  • The feathering parameter theoretically distinguishes momentum transfer from kinetic energy extraction.
  • Passive flexibility enhances thrust but synchronization mismatches limit power generation benefits.
  • Density stratification fundamentally alters hydrodynamic performance, shifting optimal regimes via resonant interactions with the Brunt-Väisälä frequency.
  • A shift towards high-fidelity simulations and AI in computational fluid dynamics is observed.

Conclusions:

  • Future flapping foil systems should prioritize tunable stiffness, multi-phase environmental modeling, and AI-driven digital twins for real-time adaptation.
  • Bridging the gap between computational models and physical reality is crucial for technological advancement.