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Biosensors
|February 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel, low-cost resonant biosensor using standard Printed Circuit Board (PCB) technology for real-time liquid analysis. The PCB-based sensor differentiates between surface binding and bulk ionic strength changes for improved diagnostics.

Keywords:
flow injection analysisinductorinter-turn capacitancelabel-free detectionresonant sensor

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Area of Science:

  • Biosensing
  • Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Technology
  • Resonant Sensors

Background:

  • Conventional resonant biosensors (e.g., QCM, SAW, SPR) require specialized substrates or optics, limiting scalability and increasing costs.
  • Cleanroom fabrication is often necessary for current liquid-phase biosensors, hindering widespread, cost-effective adoption.
  • There is a need for integrated, scalable, and low-cost sensing platforms for real-time liquid monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and demonstrate a high-integration sensing platform using standard Printed Circuit Board (PCB) technology for liquid-phase analyte monitoring.
  • To leverage industrial manufacturing standards for a compact, low-cost, and scalable biosensor architecture.
  • To achieve intrinsic self-discrimination between surface interactions and bulk effects in liquid samples.

Main Methods:

  • An inductor-based resonant sensor was embedded within a fluidic system on a standard PCB.
  • Detection principle relies on shifts in the resonance frequency of an LC tank circuit due to changes in inter-turn capacitance.
  • The sensor's response to bulk ionic strength (frequency decrease) and biomolecular adsorption (frequency increase) was modeled.
  • Performance was validated using a protein-antibody model (Bovine Serum Albumin-anti-Bovine Serum Albumin).

Main Results:

  • The PCB-based resonant sensor demonstrated a limit of detection of 1.7 ppm (0.026 mM) for protein-antibody detection.
  • A linear dynamic range of 31-211 ppm (0.47-3.2 mM) was achieved.
  • High reproducibility (4 ± 3%) and intrinsic self-discriminating capability were observed.
  • The sensor successfully differentiated between surface adsorption and bulk ionic strength effects.

Conclusions:

  • The developed PCB-based resonant sensor offers a compact, low-cost, and scalable solution for real-time liquid-phase monitoring.
  • The technology's simplicity and potential for miniaturization make it suitable for point-of-care diagnostics.
  • This represents the first demonstration of an inductor-based resonant sensor fully integrated into a PCB fluidic architecture for continuous analyte monitoring.
  • The platform meets analytical requirements for robust applications, paving the way for diverse diagnostic uses.