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Updated: Feb 27, 2026

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Enamel Remineralization Potential of Conventional and Biomimetic Toothpaste Formulations: A Comparative In Vitro

Cristina-Angela Ghiorghe1, Ionuţ Tărăboanţă1, Sorin Andrian1

  • 1Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115 Iasi, Romania.

Dentistry Journal
|February 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study found that toothpastes combining fluoride with NovaMin or arginine, and nano-hydroxyapatite/xylitol, significantly enhanced enamel remineralization. Other formulations showed limited effects, highlighting the importance of active ingredients and pH for effective enamel repair.

Keywords:
NovaMinSEM–EDXVickers microhardnessarginineenamel remineralizationfluoridenano-hydroxyapatite

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Dental Research
  • Nanotechnology in Dentistry

Background:

  • Dental caries is a global health issue, necessitating effective enamel remineralization strategies.
  • Minimally invasive dentistry prioritizes preserving tooth structure through remineralization.
  • Evaluating novel toothpaste formulations is crucial for advancing dental caries management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the in vitro enamel remineralization efficacy of five therapeutic toothpastes.
  • To assess the impact of fluoride, NovaMin, CPP-ACP, nano-hydroxyapatite, arginine, and xylitol on enamel.
  • To evaluate the chemical and mechanical changes in demineralized enamel following treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Sixty human enamel specimens were artificially demineralized and divided into six groups.
  • A 28-day remineralization protocol with twice-daily applications was employed.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Vickers microhardness testing were utilized for analysis.

Main Results:

  • Arginine-fluoride and NovaMin-fluoride formulations showed the most significant increases in calcium and phosphorus.
  • Fluoride incorporation was significant in fluoride-containing toothpastes.
  • Nano-hydroxyapatite/xylitol demonstrated progressive mineral increase, while CPP-ACP showed limited effects.
  • Vickers microhardness significantly improved in groups with enhanced mineral content.

Conclusions:

  • Toothpastes with fluoride combined with NovaMin or arginine, and nano-hydroxyapatite/xylitol, exhibit superior in vitro enamel remineralization.
  • The active composition and pH of toothpaste formulations critically influence remineralization outcomes.
  • Xylitol alone without direct mineral agents showed minimal remineralization benefits.