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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Core/shell Printing Scaffolds For Tissue Engineering Of Tubular Structures
05:52

Core/shell Printing Scaffolds For Tissue Engineering Of Tubular Structures

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Multi-Material Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Hybrid Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Application.

Andrey Abramov1, Yan Sulkhanov1, Natalia Menshutina1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia.

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a novel 3D printing platform for creating hybrid scaffolds using hydrogels and thermoplastics. The system ensures precise material deposition for advanced tissue engineering applications.

Keywords:
direct ink writing (DIW)extrusion-based 3D printinghydrogel inkshydrogel–thermoplastic hybrid scaffoldsmulti-material 3D printingprintability and dosing accuracyprocess parameterstissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Additive manufacturing of hydrogel scaffolds demands precise control over material properties and extrusion.
  • Multi-material architectures present unique challenges in controlling rheology and deposition dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a modular, multi-material 3D printing platform for fabricating hybrid hydrogel-thermoplastic scaffolds.
  • To implement an empirical calibration procedure for accurate gel dosing in extrusion-based printing.

Main Methods:

  • A modular platform combining filament and piston-driven extruders was developed.
  • An empirical calibration algorithm optimized extrusion parameters (EPr/R) for shear-thinning alginate gels.
  • Two hybrid constructs were fabricated: alginate scaffolds with polycaprolactone framework and alginate-chitosan complex structures.

Main Results:

  • The calibration algorithm reduced deposition mass discrepancy to below tolerance.
  • Fabricated constructs demonstrated mechanical stability after crosslinking and solvent treatment.
  • The 3D-printed scaffolds were successfully converted into highly porous structures via freeze- or supercritical drying.

Conclusions:

  • The developed system enables reproducible multi-material 3D printing of hydrogel-thermoplastic hybrid scaffolds.
  • The hardware and calibration approach are adaptable to various gel-based inks for tissue engineering.
  • This technology facilitates the creation of complex scaffolds for regenerative medicine.