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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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The Stiff Side of Cancer: How Matrix Mechanics Rewrites Non-Coding RNA Expression Programs.

Alma D Campos-Parra1, Jonathan Puente-Rivera2, César López-Camarillo3

  • 1Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana (UV), Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa 91190, Mexico.

Non-Coding RNA
|February 26, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tumor stiffness reshapes gene regulation via mechanotransduction, altering non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and extracellular vesicles. Targeting these mechanosensitive ncRNAs offers therapeutic potential against aggressive cancer phenotypes.

Keywords:
cancerlncRNAsmatrix stiffnessmechanotransductionmiRNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffening is a hallmark of solid tumors.
  • Mechanotransduction pathways, involving key hubs like lysyl oxidase (LOX) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), are activated by increased ECM stiffness.
  • These pathways promote tumor progression, invasion, stemness, and therapy resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize evidence on how quantitative changes in matrix stiffness remodel the miRNome and lncRNome.
  • To classify mechanosensitive non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) based on validation methods.
  • To review competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks and discuss translational opportunities for targeting mechanosensitive ncRNAs in cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature synthesis and evidence classification.
  • Analysis of studies using direct stiffness manipulation (e.g., tunable hydrogels, AFM) versus indirect associations.
  • Review of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks and their convergence on mechanotransduction nodes.

Main Results:

  • ECM stiffening quantitatively remodels the miRNome and lncRNome in both tumor and stromal cells.
  • Extracellular vesicle cargo, influenced by stiffness, can reprogram metastatic niches.
  • Mechanosensitive ncRNAs are implicated in sustaining aggressive phenotypes in rigid tumor microenvironments.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating ECM mechanics with ncRNA regulatory circuits provides a framework for understanding cancer progression in stiff microenvironments.
  • Targeting mechanosensitive ncRNAs, potentially combined with anti-stiffening strategies, presents therapeutic opportunities.
  • Circulating and exosomal ncRNAs show promise as biomarkers for cancer detection and monitoring.