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Quantitative Characterization of Microfiltration Membrane Fouling Using Optical Coherence Tomography with Optimized

Song Lee1, Hyongrak Cho1, Yongjun Choi1

  • 1School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookmin University, 77, Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea.

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|February 26, 2026
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Summary

This study introduces a new automated method using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) to measure membrane fouling in real-time. This non-destructive technique accurately quantifies fouling layer thickness, improving membrane process control.

Keywords:
foulingimage analysismembranemicrofiltrationoptical coherence tomography

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Area of Science:

  • Membrane Science and Technology
  • Biomedical Optics
  • Environmental Engineering

Background:

  • Membrane fouling significantly impairs water treatment efficiency, necessitating accurate diagnostic tools.
  • Current methods for assessing fouling are often destructive and require time-consuming offline analysis.
  • Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) offers in situ, real-time visualization but quantitative analysis of thin foulant layers is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a reproducible, automated image analysis workflow for quantitative OCT-based membrane fouling diagnostics.
  • To benchmark various image processing algorithms for accurate segmentation of foulant layers.
  • To enable real-time monitoring of fouling layer thickness and its correlation with membrane performance.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an OCT image analysis workflow combining band-pass filtering, Gaussian smoothing, unsharp masking, and dual-threshold subtraction.
  • Benchmarked 17 global thresholding algorithms against Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) data for cake thickness.
  • Applied the optimized workflow to quantify fouling layer thickness for humic acid, kaolin, and sodium alginate foulants.

Main Results:

  • The Triangle-Moments thresholding algorithm combined with the developed workflow demonstrated robust performance, closely agreeing with SEM measurements (14.23 ± 1.18 µm vs. 15.29 ± 1.54 µm for humic acid).
  • The method successfully quantified fouling thickness evolution and correlated it with flux decline for various foulants.
  • Observed instances where flux decline persisted without significant thickness increase, indicating compaction or permeability changes.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed OCT image analysis framework enables quantitative, real-time fouling diagnostics, moving beyond qualitative visualization.
  • This approach supports mechanistic interpretation of fouling processes and can lead to improved operational control of membrane systems.
  • The automated workflow enhances the utility of OCT for in situ monitoring and management of membrane performance.