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Microbes and Other Elemental Cycles

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Iron-Manganese-Magnesium Co-Modified Biochar Reduces Arsenic Mobility and Accumulation in a Pakchoi-Rice Rotation

Jingnan Zhang1, Meina Liang1,2,3, Mushi Qiao1

  • 1College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.

Toxics
|February 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Fe/Mn/Mg-modified biochar effectively immobilizes arsenic (As) in paddy soils, significantly reducing its uptake by rice and pakchoi. This soil amendment enhances food safety by lowering toxic metal accumulation in edible crops.

Keywords:
Fe-Mn-Mg modified biochararsenic bioavailabilityarsenic contaminationfood safety in ricepaddy soil remediationpakchoi–rice rotation

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Soil Science
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Arsenic contamination in paddy soils is a critical global issue, threatening rice safety and human health due to arsenic's accumulation in edible crops.
  • Traditional remediation methods often lack efficiency or are cost-prohibitive, necessitating innovative solutions for arsenic-contaminated agricultural lands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a novel low-temperature, partially pyrolyzed Fe/Mn/Mg-modified biochar (FMM-BC) for remediating arsenic-contaminated paddy soils.
  • To assess the efficacy of FMM-BC in reducing arsenic accumulation in rice and pakchoi through a pot experiment.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which FMM-BC influences soil physicochemical properties, arsenic speciation, and plant uptake.

Main Methods:

  • A pot experiment using a pakchoi-rice rotation system was conducted with FMM-BC applied to arsenic-contaminated soil.
  • Soil physicochemical properties, arsenic speciation, and arsenic content in plant tissues (rice and pakchoi) were analyzed.
  • The translocation of Fe, Mn, and Mg within rice plants was investigated to understand their role in arsenic immobilization.

Main Results:

  • FMM-BC application significantly reduced water-soluble and bioavailable arsenic in the soil, transforming it into more stable fractions.
  • Arsenic content in rice (stems, leaves, brown rice) and pakchoi (stems, leaves) was substantially decreased by FMM-BC treatment compared to unmodified biochar and the control.
  • Brown rice arsenic levels dropped below the national food safety threshold (0.35 mg∙kg-1) under FMM-BC treatment.
  • FMM-BC enhanced the plant uptake of Fe, Mn, and Mg, which correlated with suppressed arsenic accumulation in edible parts.

Conclusions:

  • Fe/Mn/Mg-modified biochar is a highly effective soil amendment for immobilizing arsenic in contaminated paddy soils.
  • FMM-BC significantly reduces arsenic transfer from soil to edible crops like rice and pakchoi, thereby enhancing food safety.
  • The modification with Fe, Mn, and Mg is crucial for the enhanced performance of biochar in arsenic remediation, influencing both soil immobilization and plant internal transport dynamics.