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Updated: Feb 27, 2026

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Optimising Hydrocarbon Extraction from Soil Using Mixed-Surfactant Systems.

Emilio Ritoré1, Carmen Arnaiz1, José Morillo1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Higher Technical School of Engineering, University of Seville, Camino de los Descubrimientos s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain.

Toxics
|February 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Soil remediation using surfactant washing is enhanced by combining anionic and non-ionic surfactants. Mixtures significantly improved hydrocarbon removal from contaminated soil, offering a more effective circular economy solution.

Keywords:
hydrocarbonshydrocarbons fractionspetroleumsoil flushingsoil remediation

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Soil Remediation
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Hydrocarbon contamination poses a significant environmental challenge in industrial settings.
  • Surfactant washing is a key technique for soil remediation, enabling hydrocarbon extraction and promoting circular economy principles.
  • Optimizing surfactant mixtures can enhance the efficiency of soil washing processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of anionic and non-ionic surfactant mixtures in remediating hydrocarbon-contaminated soil.
  • To compare the performance of surfactant mixtures against single surfactants for gasoline and diesel fuel removal.
  • To analyze the impact of surfactant mixtures on different hydrocarbon fractions and molecular sizes.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted soil-washing experiments using four surfactants: polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene (80) sorbitan monooleate (non-ionic), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (anionic).
  • Prepared mixtures of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate with the two non-ionic surfactants.
  • Analyzed aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions (C6-C35) in gasoline and diesel fuel to determine removal rates.

Main Results:

  • Surfactant mixtures demonstrated significantly higher hydrocarbon removal rates compared to sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate alone.
  • Mixtures of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether achieved 61-68% extraction; mixtures with polyoxyethylene (80) sorbitan monooleate achieved 58-66%.
  • Enhanced extraction of both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, particularly lighter compounds, was observed with surfactant mixtures.

Conclusions:

  • Combinations of anionic and non-ionic surfactants are more effective for hydrocarbon soil remediation than single surfactants.
  • The octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) may influence removal rates across different hydrocarbon ranges.
  • These findings support the optimization of surfactant-flushing treatments for improved soil remediation efficiency.