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Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) exposure alters macrophage function, promoting M1 polarization and impairing energy metabolism and mitochondrial integrity. This highlights Cr(VI)

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Area of Science:

  • Immunotoxicology
  • Environmental Health
  • Cellular Metabolism

Background:

  • Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a significant environmental and occupational hazard impacting immune function.
  • The precise cell-intrinsic mechanisms of Cr(VI)-induced macrophage alterations, including immunometabolic and mitochondrial changes, are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of Cr(VI) exposure on macrophage morphology, polarization, energy metabolism, and mitochondrial integrity in vitro.
  • To elucidate the cell-intrinsic mechanisms underlying Cr(VI)-induced immunotoxicity.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro exposure of macrophages to Cr(VI).
  • Assessment of macrophage morphology and M1/M2 polarization markers (TNF-α, CD36, CD80, VEGFb).
  • Analysis of cellular energy metabolism (ATP production, glucose uptake) and mitochondrial function (membrane potential, oxidative stress).

Main Results:

  • Cr(VI) exposure induced morphological changes and a shift towards M1 macrophage polarization.
  • Key M1 biomarkers increased while M2 biomarkers decreased post-Cr(VI) exposure.
  • Impaired energy metabolism, reduced ATP production, increased glycolysis despite higher glucose uptake, and mitochondrial damage were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Cr(VI) exposure dysregulates macrophage polarization and immunometabolism, leading to impaired energy production.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are key components of Cr(VI)-induced macrophage toxicity.
  • Findings underscore the environmental risks of Cr(VI) and the need for mitigation strategies.