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A Systematic Review of Bacterial Sampling Collection for Veterinary Microbiology in Companion Animals
Inês C Rodrigues1,2, Joana C Prata3,4, Ângela Pista5
1School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
Veterinary Sciences
|February 26, 2026
Summary
Accurate canine and feline microbiological diagnostics require standardized sample collection and handling. This review highlights variability and recommends evidence-based guidelines for improved veterinary bacterial culture and antimicrobial stewardship.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Microbiology
- Diagnostic Pathology
- Companion Animal Health
Background:
- Accurate microbiological diagnosis in companion animals is crucial for effective treatment.
- Current practices for sample collection, handling, storage, and transport show significant variability.
- Lack of standardization hinders diagnostic reproducibility and clinical decision-making.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and assess microbiological sampling procedures in dogs and cats.
- To identify methodological gaps in specimen collection, handling, storage, and transport.
- To inform the development of standardized, evidence-based guidelines for veterinary diagnostics.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
- Inclusion of 17 studies published in English within the last decade.
- Analysis of sampling practices across different anatomical systems in dogs and cats.
Main Results:
- Observed considerable variability in sampling practices across anatomical systems.
- Swabs are common but less reliable than biopsies or aspirates due to contamination risks.
- Inconsistent reporting of pre-laboratory factors (e.g., antimicrobial exposure) and transport/storage conditions.
Conclusions:
- Significant methodological gaps exist in current veterinary microbiological sampling.
- Harmonized, evidence-based guidelines are needed for accurate bacterial culture.
- Standardized protocols can improve diagnostic consistency, antimicrobial stewardship, and clinical outcomes within One Health.
