Human Papillomavirus in Reproductive Health and Pregnancy: Clinical Implications, Outcomes, and a Comprehensive...

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted virus worldwide and is frequently detected in women of reproductive age. In this population, HPV-related diseases and their management may affect reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes. This narrative review summarizes the current evidence on HPV infection and HPV-related diseases in relation to fertility, pregnancy, and neonatal outcomes, and discusses preventive strategies, with a particular focus on HPV vaccination.

An international, multidisciplinary team of clinicians from the European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO) Prevention Committee reviewed the literature on HPV, HPV-related diseases, HPV vaccination, and reproductive outcomes, without time restrictions, prioritizing studies judged to meaningfully reflect the available evidence.

The most consistent evidence linking HPV-related conditions to adverse pregnancy outcomes relates to the treatment of cervical precancer, particularly excisional procedures, which are associated with an increased risk of preterm birth and mid-trimester pregnancy loss. In contrast, evidence that maternal HPV detection alone causes adverse pregnancy or neonatal outcomes remains limited and inconsistent. Data on HPV infection and subfertility are scarce and heterogeneous. Management of HPV-related lesions during pregnancy remains challenging and requires careful balancing of maternal safety with avoidance of unnecessary interventions. HPV DNA has been detected in neonatal samples, but convincing evidence for clinically relevant vertical transmission is lacking. Available data indicate that inadvertent HPV vaccination shortly before or during pregnancy is not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Current evidence suggests that reproductive risks are more strongly associated with the treatment of HPV-related diseases than with HPV infection itself. Preventive strategies-especially HPV vaccination-remain central to reducing HPV-related disease burden. Although HPV vaccines are not routinely recommended during pregnancy, evidence supports the safety of inadvertent exposure around conception or during gestation, while potential long-term benefits of vaccination regarding reproductive health require further study.