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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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The small intestine exhibits a unique histological structure that significantly enhances its function in digestion and nutrient absorption. These structures include circular folds, villi, and various specialized cells that collectively facilitate the digestion of food.
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Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 27, 2026

Mouse Fetal Whole Intestine Culture System for Ex Vivo Manipulation of Signaling Pathways and Three-dimensional Live Imaging of Villus Development
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Lgr5⁺ cells regulate small intestinal morphogenesis before villification.

Lianzheng Zhao1, Yuchen Xie1, Wanlu Song1

  • 1The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.

Cell Regeneration (London, England)
|February 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Embryonic intestinal stem cells (PVLCs) show regional differences in stemness and control embryonic small intestine development through Hedgehog signaling. This reveals how regional cell differences shape organ formation.

Keywords:
Lgr5 + cellsEmbryonic small intestineHedgehog signalingMorphogenesisStemness

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Induced Differentiation of M Cell-like Cells in Human Stem Cell-derived Ileal Enteroid Monolayers
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Stem cell biology
  • Gastrointestinal biology

Background:

  • Lgr5 marks adult intestinal stem cells and embryonic stem/progenitor cells.
  • The roles and stemness of embryonic Lgr5+ cells before villification (PVLCs) are largely unknown.
  • Understanding PVLCs is crucial for comprehending early intestinal development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the stemness properties of embryonic intestinal Lgr5+ cells prior to villification (PVLCs).
  • To determine the physiological roles of PVLCs in embryonic small intestinal morphogenesis.
  • To explore the influence of regional heterogeneity on PVLC function and development.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Lgr5+ cell stemness in the embryonic small intestine.
  • Inducible cell ablation experiments to assess PVLC function.
  • Gene knockout studies to investigate signaling pathways involved in morphogenesis.
  • Region-specific analysis from proximal to distal small intestine.

Main Results:

  • PVLCs exhibit region-specific stemness, increasing from proximal to distal embryonic small intestine.
  • PVLCs regulate embryonic small intestinal morphogenesis.
  • This regulation occurs via Hedgehog signaling in a region-dependent manner.
  • Distal small intestinal morphogenesis is more reliant on PVLC-mediated Hedgehog signaling.

Conclusions:

  • PVLCs possess distinct stemness properties and functional roles in the embryonic small intestine prior to villification.
  • Regional cellular heterogeneity is a key factor influencing embryonic intestinal morphogenesis.
  • Hedgehog signaling mediated by PVLCs plays a critical role in regulating intestinal development, particularly in distal regions.