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Related Concept Videos

Acute Inflammation I: Inflammatory Response01:26

Acute Inflammation I: Inflammatory Response

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Acute inflammation is a rapid, short-lived physiological response to tissue injury or infection, designed to eliminate harmful agents and initiate repair. This tightly regulated process typically lasts from minutes to several days and is triggered by factors such as microbial invasion, physical trauma, or chemical injury.Recognition and Mediator ReleaseThe inflammatory response begins when resident immune cells—such as mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells—detect...
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Acute Inflammation II: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

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Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
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Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

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Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
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Related Experiment Video

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Development of a Direct Pulp-capping Model for the Evaluation of Pulpal Wound Healing and Reparative Dentin Formation in Mice
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Inflammatory Biomarkers in Irreversible Pulpitis and Pulp Necrosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Rahman Wahyudi1, Panuroot Aguilar2, Chidsanu Changsiripun3

  • 1Faculty of Dentistry, Graduate Program in Oral Biology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.

International Dental Journal
|February 26, 2026
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Summary

Inflammatory biomarkers like TNF-α are elevated in irreversible pulpitis (IP), even without symptoms. This suggests molecular markers may offer better pulp status assessment than clinical signs alone for treatment planning.

Keywords:
Dental pulp inflammationInflammatory biomarkersIrreversible pulpitisMeta-analysisPulp necrosis

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Area of Science:

  • Endodontics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Differentiating irreversible pulpitis (IP) from pulp necrosis (PN) is critical for dental treatment.
  • Lack of meta-analyses on inflammatory biomarkers hinders accurate diagnosis and treatment development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare inflammatory biomarker expression in IP and PN versus healthy pulp.
  • To identify disease-specific molecular profiles for improved diagnostic accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies from PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane (inception–2024).
  • Included human permanent teeth with IP or PN reporting quantitative protein biomarkers.
  • Pooled data from 26 eligible studies using random-effects models.

Main Results:

  • Symptomatic IP showed elevated TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, Substance P, CGRP, and catalase compared to healthy pulp.
  • Asymptomatic IP also had significantly increased TNF-α, similar to symptomatic IP.
  • Pulp necrosis showed consistently elevated TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, and TGF-β.

Conclusions:

  • Both symptomatic and asymptomatic IP exhibit pro-inflammatory profiles with elevated TNF-α.
  • Molecular biomarkers may provide a more accurate reflection of pulp status than clinical symptoms.
  • Elevated TNF-α in asymptomatic IP suggests potential for vital pulp therapy assessment.