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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
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Mapping out the axillary nerve: A cadaveric study.

Bronwyn Lottino1, Jade Naicker1, Erik Hohmann2

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Gauteng, 9 Bophelo Road, South Africa.

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|February 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The axillary nerve, vital for shoulder movement, shows significant anatomical variability. This study identified four branching patterns, with a combined type being most common, indicating a need for updated classification systems.

Keywords:
Anatomical variationsAxillary nerveBrachial plexusBranching patternsShoulder joint innervation

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Neuroscience
  • Surgical Anatomy

Background:

  • The axillary nerve, a key branch of the brachial plexus, innervates the shoulder girdle.
  • It controls essential movements like abduction and external rotation, critical for daily and athletic activities.
  • Existing documentation on axillary nerve branching patterns is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and classify the branching configurations of the axillary nerve.
  • To analyze axillary nerve morphology in a South African cadaveric population.

Main Methods:

  • Dissection of 30 adult cadavers (15 male, 15 female).
  • Identification of surface anatomy landmarks (acromion, coracoid process) for precise nerve localization.
  • Standard dissection protocols involving muscle reflection to expose the axillary nerve and surrounding neurovascular structures.

Main Results:

  • Four distinct axillary nerve branching patterns were identified and classified.
  • Type 1 (pre-quadrangular space): 16.67%, Type 2 (intra-quadrangular space): 18.33%, Type 3 (post-quadrangular space): 25.00%, Type 4 (combined): 40.00%.
  • A significant difference was observed in the overall distribution of branching types (p = 0.01299), though no significant difference between left and right shoulders (p = 0.9998).

Conclusions:

  • The axillary nerve exhibits considerable anatomical variability, lacking a single definitive branching pattern.
  • These findings highlight the complexity of axillary nerve morphology.
  • A more comprehensive classification system is needed for accurate analysis of axillary nerve anatomy.