Long-term endocrine sequelae in testicular cancer: clinical manifestations, mechanisms, and follow-up considerations

To describe the main long-term endocrine sequelae in testicular cancer survivors and their clinical relevance.

A narrative review of the clinical literature on the endocrine consequences of curative therapies for TC (orchiectomy, platinum-based chemotherapy, and radiotherapy) was conducted. The impact of these interventions on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and other relevant endocrine systems was examined.

The most prevalent endocrine finding was hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (primary testicular dysfunction), characterized by elevated FSH and altered testosterone levels. The etiology is multifactorial, involving the direct deficiency following orchiectomy and the toxicity of chemotherapy/radiotherapy on Leydig cells. Hypogonadism is correlated with adverse effects on quality of life, fertility, bone metabolism, and body composition. Additionally, an increased risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis and thyroid dysfunction was documented, the latter associated explicitly with mediastinal or cervical irradiation.

CT survivors present a significant and persistent risk of chronic endocrine dysfunction. It is imperative to establish systematic endocrine surveillance, especially for symptomatic patients or those with borderline hormonal parameters, to facilitate early identification and initiate interventions such as hormone replacement therapy. This strategy is crucial for preserving functional health and quality of life in this young population.