Basics of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus

Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is a potentially fatal complication of maternal HSV infection, and while potentially fatal it is also entirely preventable. Although rare, the disease is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, with long-term neurologic impairment being a major concern even with current treatment advances. This review examines the epidemiology, transmission patterns, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies for neonatal HSV infection. In conclusion, neonatal HSV infection represents a preventable cause of significant infant morbidity and mortality. Clinical awareness among health care providers is crucial for early recognition and prompt treatment. Prevention strategies include antiviral suppressive therapy for pregnant women with known HSV history and cesarean delivery when active lesions are present. The challenge remains in identifying asymptomatic maternal infections, as most neonatal cases occur in mothers without known HSV diagnosis.