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T-Cell Populations in Infancy After Maternal Probiotic Supplementation to Prevent Atopic Dermatitis

Dinastry Pramadita Zakiudin1,2, Anne Dorthea Bjerkenes Rø3,4, Vibeke Videm3,4

  • 1Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.

Clinical and Translational Allergy
|February 26, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Maternal probiotic supplementation did not alter T cell populations in infants at 10 days or 2 years old. This suggests the reduction in atopic dermatitis may not be linked to these specific immune cell changes.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiome research
  • Pediatric allergy

Background:

  • Maternal probiotic intake during pregnancy and breastfeeding previously showed a reduction in offspring atopic dermatitis (AD).
  • A prior analysis suggested this protective effect might be linked to decreased T helper 22 (Th22) cell percentages at 3 months of age.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the longitudinal impact of maternal probiotics on various T helper (Th) cell subsets and regulatory T cells (Treg) in offspring.
  • To compare immune cell profiles at 10 days, 3 months, and 2 years of age.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized controlled trial involved 415 pregnant women assigned to probiotic or placebo milk.
  • Offspring blood samples were analyzed for Treg and Th subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22) via flow cytometry at 10 days (n=112) and 2 years (n=156).
  • Data from 3-month-old infants (n=76) were included for longitudinal comparison using linear mixed models.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in T cell populations (Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22, Treg) were observed between the probiotic and placebo groups at 10 days and 2 years of age.
  • The previously noted reduction in Th22 percentage at 3 months was not sustained at later time points.

Conclusions:

  • The observed reduction in Th22 cells at 3 months following maternal probiotic intake may not be the primary mechanism behind the prevention of atopic dermatitis.
  • The lack of sustained differences in T cell profiles suggests other factors may mediate the protective effects of probiotics against childhood allergies.
Abstract

Keywords:
T cellsTh22atopic dermatitischildrenprobiotic

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