Quantification of heavy metals in Chinese jasmine flower cakes and risk assessment

Jasmine flower cakes are particularly popular in China; however, they may contain heavy metals, posing health risks. We quantified heavy metals in jasmine flower cakes and assessed associated health risks. Al, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb in 40 samples were quantified via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, revealing concentrations of 9.32, 0.012, 6.64, 0.296, 4.34, 0.002, 0.001, and 0.008 mg/kg, respectively. The detection rates were 100% except for Cd (82.50%) and As (67.50%). Cluster analysis categorised these metals into five groups: As/Cd, Al/Cr/Pb, Mn, Ni, and Cu. Although all samples exhibited mean health indices (HIs) < 1, nine samples (22.5%) exhibited HI > 1. The maximum HI was 2.261. The average estimated carcinogenic risk values were 27.00 × 10⁻⁶ across all samples, with risk ranking as Cd > As > Pb. Overall, the cumulative carcinogenic risk of the cakes is within an acceptable range; however, the risk levels of certain batches warrant further attention. The findings provide a scientific basis for evaluating the safety of jasmine-flavoured cake consumption and establishes a reference analytical framework for risk screening and regulatory strategies of other traditional specialty foods. This supports high-quality development of food industry while safeguarding public health.