From scalpel to robot: evolution and outlook of oncologic robotic surgery in Colombia

Robotic surgery has transformed the management of oncologic pathologies by offering minimally invasive approaches with improved precision and outcomes. In Colombia, despite its progressive adoption, the scientific literature remains scarce, limiting comprehensive evaluation of its national impact.

To analyze the evolution, current status, and future perspectives of robotic surgery in oncology within Colombia, emphasizing its clinical benefits, technological milestones, limitations, and integration with artificial intelligence.

A narrative review was conducted using national and international databases. Articles published between 2014 and 2025 concerning robotic surgery in Colombia-with a focus on oncologic applications-were included.

he review identified multiple national milestones that mark Colombia's gradual integration of robotic surgery into oncologic practice. Notably, the first documented use of the da Vinci^® system in 2014 for transoral robotic surgery (TORS) highlighted enhanced visualization and functional preservation in head and neck cancer. A 2019 multicenter study on robotic thoracic surgery reported zero conversions to thoracotomy, low complication rates, and a learning curve evidenced by progressive reductions in operative time. In gastrointestinal oncology, a 2023 study demonstrated successful implementation with acceptable conversion rates (7.3%) and a 90-day mortality rate of 2.9%. The most recent data from the National Cancer Institute in 2025 showed that robotic rectal cancer surgeries achieved complete mesorectal excision in over 80% of cases, with minimal conversion (4.6%) and acceptable complication rates. Across all specialties, robotic surgery was associated with favorable outcomes in terms of surgical precision, oncologic safety, and recovery time. However, limitations related to cost, equipment availability, and training infrastructure were recurrent themes. Moreover, gaps persist in specialties such as gynecologic oncology and hepatobiliopancreatic surgery, reflecting the uneven adoption of robotics across disciplines.

Despite limited publications, current Colombian evidence supports the feasibility, safety, and oncologic effectiveness of robotic surgery. The future of oncologic care in the country hinges on sustained investment, training, and the incorporation of AI-driven innovations to democratize access and optimize outcomes in complex surgical oncology.