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Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions
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How Consistent Friendlike Conversation with AI Companions Influences Our Attitudes and Perceptions Toward AI: An

Jerlyn Q H Ho1, Meilan Hu1, Adalia Y H Goh1

  • 1School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore 179873, Singapore.

Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 27, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Consistent interaction with AI chatbots increases perceived empathy and animacy but may decrease self-esteem. Users may view AI as separate entities, not human-like, impacting psychological effects of human-AI interaction.

Keywords:
AI interactionanimacyartificial intelligenceattitudesempathyself-esteemwell-being

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Artificial Intelligence Studies

Background:

  • Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into daily life, raising questions about its attitudinal and psychological effects.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding how consistent human-AI interactions shape user perceptions and attitudes towards AI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the psychological effects of sustained, socially oriented interactions with AI chatbots.
  • To determine if daily engagement with AI chatbots alters users' attitudes, perceptions, and psychological well-being.

Main Methods:

  • A within-subjects experiment with 52 participants over five days.
  • Comparison of socially oriented, friendlike AI chatbot interactions against a journaling control condition.
  • Measurement of attitudes towards AI, trust, empathy, anthropomorphism, animacy, likeability, intelligence, safety, dependency, and well-being indicators.

Main Results:

  • Consistent friendlike AI chatbot interaction significantly increased perceived empathy and animacy of technology.
  • No significant changes were observed in global attitudes or perceptions of anthropomorphism.
  • Participants reported higher self-esteem after journaling compared to AI interaction, indicating a trade-off for self-esteem.

Conclusions:

  • Friendly engagement with AI chatbots can foster perceptions of empathy and lifelikeness, potentially leading users to view AI as genuinely supportive.
  • Increased empathy and perceived lifelikeness occurred without a corresponding rise in anthropomorphism, suggesting users may differentiate AI from human-like qualities.
  • The study highlights potential trade-offs between perceived AI support and user self-esteem in human-AI interactions.