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Intraindividual Variability in Perceptual-Motor Performance Measured with Virtual Reality Among Military Veterans.

Scott L Bruce1, Michael Cooper2, Carly Farmer3

  • 1Master of Athletic Training Program, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA.

Brain Sciences
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Virtual reality assessments can detect subtle concussion effects in veterans. This study found that concussion history significantly impacts reaction time and intraindividual variability, indicating potential mental health correlations.

Keywords:
concussionintra-individual variabilitymental healthmild traumatic brain injuryperceptual latency timeresponse timesuicide ideation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Concussions cause subtle, hard-to-measure symptoms like altered reaction time (RT).
  • Perceptual-motor performance is crucial for daily function and can be affected by head injuries.
  • Military veterans may experience unique challenges related to concussion and mental health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the link between concussion history, mental health, and perceptual-motor performance in veterans.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of virtual reality (VR) assessments in quantifying these effects.
  • To identify key performance metrics, such as intraindividual variability (IIV), sensitive to concussion-related deficits.

Main Methods:

  • A pilot study involving 78 military veterans, with 29 providing complete data.
  • Participants underwent VR testing assessing neck rotation, arm reach, and stepping responses.
  • Surveys collected data on concussion history, combat exposure, mental health, and suicide ideation.

Main Results:

  • Concussion history emerged as the most significant predictor of performance impairments.
  • Intraindividual variability (IIV) metrics effectively indicated both concussion and mental health issues.
  • Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Area Under the Curve (AUC) analyses showed high statistical significance (p ≤ 0.001) for all measures.

Conclusions:

  • Veterans with concussion and mental health histories exhibit measurable perceptual-motor deficits in VR.
  • VR-based assessments are a sensitive and feasible tool for detecting residual concussion effects.
  • These findings highlight the potential of VR for objective neurorehabilitation and monitoring.