Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia
04:32

Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: June 28, 2018

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Clinical and Microbiological Profile of Hospital-Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Critically Ill

Mihnea Miron1, Anca Irina Ristescu2,3, Mihaela Blaj2,4

  • 1Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 27, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Severe respiratory infections in the ICU are often caused by drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, leading to high mortality. Understanding these pathogens and their resistance is crucial for improving patient outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Severe respiratory infections pose a significant threat to critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs).
  • Increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) exacerbates the challenge of treating hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia (HAP/VAP).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the clinical, microbiological, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of ICU patients with HAP/VAP.
  • To identify common pathogens and their resistance patterns in severe respiratory infections within an ICU setting.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective, single-center observational study of adult ICU patients from January to December 2025.
  • Analysis of endotracheal aspirates, clinical severity scores (APACHE II, SOFA, SOFA-2), inflammatory biomarkers, and ICU outcomes.
  • Microbiological identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of isolated pathogens.

Main Results:

  • Of 606 endotracheal aspirates, 76 were culture-positive, with 62 patients meeting inclusion criteria.
  • Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) comprised 90% of infections, predominantly monomicrobial (85.5%) and caused by Gram-negative bacteria (76%).
  • Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were most common, exhibiting high resistance rates; acute kidney injury occurred in 25.8% of patients.

Conclusions:

  • Gram-negative, drug-resistant pathogens are the primary cause of severe respiratory infections in critically ill patients.
  • These infections are associated with high disease severity and poor patient outcomes.
  • Findings offer insights into local epidemiology and AMR patterns for guiding treatment strategies.
Keywords:
ESKAPE pathogensSOFA-2 scoreacute kidney injuryantimicrobial resistancehospital-acquired pneumoniaventilator-associated pneumonia

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