Dynamic Mode Decomposition-Based Clustered Pattern Projection for Reliable Alzheimer's Disease Detection from EEG

Background/Objectives: Detecting Alzheimer's disease (AD) from normal aging using eyes-open (EO) EEG is challenging due to stimulus-driven nonstationarity and fragmented oscillatory responses. This study aims to determine whether prototype-based representations derived from Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) can improve AD detection from EO photostimulation EEG. Methods: We propose a DMD-based framework termed DMD-based Clustered Pattern Projection (DMD-CPP). Segment-wise DMD representations were clustered to learn class-specific medoid prototypes, and each EEG epoch was encoded as a vector of cosine-similarity coordinates with respect to these prototypes. A linear SVM classifier was trained on the resulting DMD-CPP features and evaluated under strict leave-one-subject-out validation. Results: The DMD-CPP model achieved competitive classification accuracy and, importantly, enhanced margin-based reliability. In EO photostimulation, AD versus healthy control classification showed a pronounced improvement, characterized by wider and more asymmetric decision margins, particularly assigning low confidence to normal epochs misclassified as AD. Tasks involving frontotemporal dementia also showed improvement, although the effect was less pronounced than for AD. Conclusions: Clustering-based pattern projection has been shown to stabilize EEG dynamics and provide an interpretable, confidence-aware feature representation. These findings suggest that DMD-CPP offers a promising framework for reliable AD detection from EO EEG, where conventional spectral methods typically struggle.