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Related Concept Videos

Osmoregulation in Fishes02:32

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When cells are placed in a hypotonic (low-salt) fluid, they can swell and burst. Meanwhile, cells in a hypertonic solution—with a higher salt concentration—can shrivel and die. How do fish cells avoid these gruesome fates in hypotonic freshwater or hypertonic seawater environments?
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A Standardized Protocol for Preference Testing to Assess Fish Welfare
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Fish Welfare in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS): The Imperative for Environmental Enrichment (EE).

Lorenzo Fruscella1, Annamaria Passantino2, Benz Kotzen1

  • 1School of Design, University of Greenwich, Park Row, London SE10 9LS, UK.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental enrichment (EE) is crucial for fish welfare in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS). Implementing EE promotes adaptability and positive experiences, ensuring a "life worth living" for farmed fish and supporting sustainable aquaculture.

Keywords:
allostasisbehaviorenvironmental enrichmentfish welfarerecirculating aquaculture systems

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Area of Science:

  • Aquaculture science
  • Animal welfare science
  • Environmental science

Background:

  • Aquaculture is the fastest-growing food sector, exceeding wild fisheries.
  • Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) offer biosecurity and efficiency but create artificial environments.
  • Fish welfare in RAS is a growing concern due to impoverished conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine fish welfare in RAS using environmental enrichment (EE) as a framework.
  • To argue for the essential role of EE in meeting fish behavioral, cognitive, and physiological needs.
  • To promote a shift from stress reduction to adaptability and positive experiences in fish welfare models.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and conceptual analysis of fish welfare in RAS.
  • Examination of environmental enrichment strategies for farmed fish.
  • Discussion of allostatic frameworks for fish welfare.

Main Results:

  • EE is essential for addressing fish needs in RAS.
  • Integrating EE can foster adaptability, agency, and positive welfare states.
  • EE supports a transition to an allostatic welfare model.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental enrichment is vital for improving fish welfare in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems.
  • EE implementation is key to achieving sustainable and ethical aquaculture.
  • Adopting EE promotes a holistic approach to fish welfare, ensuring a 'life worth living'.