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Metabolic Rate01:25

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The human body is a powerhouse of energy, with every cell performing numerous functions that require energy. This energy production and consumption is measured by the metabolic rate, which quantifies the total heat generated by all the body's chemical reactions and mechanical work. This measurement helps to determine the rate of kilocalorie (kcal) consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities.
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Living cells constantly carry out various chemical reactions which are necessary for their proper functioning. These reactions are interlinked to one another via multiple pathways. The collection of these chemical reactions is known as metabolism.
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Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Assessing Energy Substrate Oxidation In Vitro with 14CO2 Trapping
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Rethinking Human Energy Metabolism.

Alexander Panov1, Vladimir Mayorov1, Sergey Dikalov2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31201, USA.

Current Issues in Molecular Biology
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation form an interdependent energy system. Lactate production, fueled by fatty acid oxidation, supports the tricarboxylic acid cycle and provides energy substrates.

Keywords:
beta-oxidation of fatty acidsenergy metabolismfatty acidsglycolysislactatelactate cyclemitochondriapyruvaterespirasometricarboxylic acid cycle

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolic pathways
  • Cellular respiration
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Historically, glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation were viewed as opposing energy-producing pathways.
  • Recent findings indicate glycolysis consistently operates in vivo, producing lactate as its end product.
  • Lactate serves as a transport form for pyruvate and can accumulate within cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of obligate lactate formation during glycolysis on the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and mitochondrial respiration.
  • To elucidate the relationship between fatty acid β-oxidation and glycolysis in energy metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of metabolic pathways.
  • Analysis of the interplay between glycolysis, lactate formation, and mitochondrial function.
  • Examination of substrate supply for cellular energy production.

Main Results:

  • Fatty acid β-oxidation is essential for obligate lactate formation during glycolysis.
  • Obligate lactate formation enhances the anaplerotic functions of the TCA cycle.
  • Mitochondria receive dual substrate supply: fatty acids for basic energy and lactate as an emergency substrate.

Conclusions:

  • High lactate and ATP levels, supported by β-oxidation, stimulate gluconeogenesis, maintaining the lactate cycle.
  • Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation and glycolysis function as a single, interdependent system for human energy metabolism.