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Updated: Feb 28, 2026

A Precision Medicine Tool for Measurement and Monitoring of Hemoglobin S in Sickle Cell Disease Patients Receiving Transfusion Therapy
Fetal Hemoglobin Modulation in Sickle Cell Disease: βs Haplotypes, Key Polymorphisms Identified by GWAS, and Advances
Yusselfy Márquez-Benitez1,2, Valeria Isabela Osorio-Garzón2, Jaime Eduardo Bernal-Villegas3
1Doctoral Program in Biosciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de La Sabana, Campus del Puente del Común, Km 7 Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chía 250001, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is key to managing sickle cell disease (SCD). Genetic factors and advanced gene editing, like prime editing, offer new ways to boost HbF levels for better SCD treatment.
Area of Science:
- Genetics and Molecular Biology
- Hematology
- Genomic Medicine
Background:
- Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is crucial for reducing sickle cell disease (SCD) severity.
- Identifying genetic factors influencing HbF levels is vital for therapeutic development.
Purpose of the Study:
- To synthesize current evidence on HbF modulation in SCD.
- To review genetic determinants, including βs haplotypes and GWAS findings.
- To explore advances in gene editing for HbF induction.
Main Methods:
- Integrative review of literature from 2016-2025.
- Analysis of Sanger sequencing, GWAS, and gene editing studies.
- Focus on key regulatory loci (BCL11A, HMIP, HBB cluster) and emerging variants.
Main Results:
- BCL11A, HBS1L-MYB (HMIP), and HBB cluster variants significantly explain HbF variability.
- KLF1, NFIX, BACH2, and ZBTB7A variants show potential in specific populations.
- Prime editing offers a novel approach for introducing HPFH-like mutations.
Conclusions:
- Genetic factors and gene editing strategies are advancing HbF modulation for SCD.
- Prime editing presents promising therapeutic potential for SCD treatment.
- Further research is needed for precision-oriented SCD therapies.
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